
Tirzepatide
Tirzepatide (GIP/GLP-1 Dual Receptor Agonist)
Also called Mounjaro, Zepbound, GIP/GLP-1 dual agonist, tirzepatida
The dual incretin
Tirzepatide is a once-weekly injection sold as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and Zepbound for weight loss. It copies two gut hormones instead of one, which is why it outperformed semaglutide when the two were compared directly. It is an approved medicine with large trials behind it, which makes it unusual on this site.
A weekly injection for weight loss and type 2 diabetes, sold as Zepbound and Mounjaro. It copies two of the gut hormones that tell your brain you have eaten enough, where most drugs in this class copy one. That second signal is why it beat semaglutide when the two were compared directly: about 20% of body weight against 13.7% over 72 weeks.
- Half-life
- About 5 days, which is why it is weekly
- Route
- One injection under the skin, once a week, in the stomach, thigh or upper arm
- Typical dose
- 2.5 mg to start, stepped up every 4 weeks toward 15 mg
- Availability
- Vetted vendors
Tested in several human trials
2,315 papers · 137 clinical trials
What people use Tirzepatide for
Reported uses, roughly in order of how often they are the reason someone goes looking. Whether it works for any of them is a separate question, answered under each one.
- Type 2 diabetes
- Its original approved use, sold as Mounjaro, where it lowers blood sugar and weight together.
- Obstructive sleep apnoea
- Approved for this after two trials showed large falls in breathing interruptions during sleep.
- Preventing diabetes
- In people with obesity and prediabetes, far fewer went on to develop diabetes over three years.
Mechanism of Action
How Tirzepatide works
Your gut talks to your brain about food. When you eat, it releases hormones that travel up and say, in effect, that's enough. Those signals fade fast, which is part of why a meal stops feeling like enough about twenty minutes after it should.
Semaglutide copies one of those hormones. Tirzepatide copies two.
What the second one adds
The first signal, GLP-1, is the appetite one. It reaches the parts of the brain that set hunger, slows how fast your stomach empties so food sits with you longer, and tells the pancreas to release insulin only when blood sugar is actually up. That last detail is why it does not tip you into a hypo the way older diabetes drugs could: it responds to sugar rather than ignoring it.
The second signal, GIP, is the one tirzepatide adds and semaglutide does not have. It seems to make the body handle fat and insulin better, and it appears to take some of the edge off the nausea rather than adding to it, which is not what you would expect from stacking two appetite hormones.
That is the whole argument for the molecule, and unusually for this field it was tested head to head rather than asserted. Against semaglutide over 72 weeks, tirzepatide produced roughly 20% weight loss to semaglutide's 13.7%.
What it does not do
It does not change what your body does with food permanently. In the trial where people were switched to placebo, the weight came back. It is being studied as something you stay on, not a course you complete, and that is a cost question as much as a medical one.
Tirzepatide dosage calculator
Opens at 2.5 mg, from the doses reported for Tirzepatide. Change any box to match your own vial. It works out where to pull the plunger to.
How much is in the vial?
Printed on the label, in milligrams
How much water did you add?
Bacteriostatic water, in millilitres
What dose are you taking?
The dose you already intend to use
Which syringe?
Barrel size, printed on the wrapper
Draw to
50 units
on a 0.5 mL insulin syringe (0.5 mL)
- Strength once mixed
- 5 mg/mL
- Doses in the vial
- 4
10 mg in 2 mL makes 5 mg/mL. A 2.5 mg dose is 0.5 mL of that, which is 50 units.
Want a rounder number? Adding 0.4 mL instead would put this dose at exactly 10 units, which is easier to draw accurately.
This is arithmetic, not advice. It converts a dose you already have into a mark on a syringe. It does not tell you what dose to take, and Tirzepatide is not prescribed by us. Dosing belongs with a qualified clinician.
Tirzepatide side effects: what people reported
Almost everything people report is digestive, and almost all of it happens while the dose is going up rather than once you settle. Most people who stop, stop in the first two months.
What most people notice
- Nausea, worst in the day or two after a dose
- Constipation, which catches people out more than the nausea does
- Diarrhoea
- Burping, and reflux that tastes of whatever you last ate
- Feeling full after a few mouthfuls, which is the drug working
- Tiredness, usually from eating far less than you used to
Worth keeping an eye on
- Losing muscle along with fat if protein and training slip, which is the most common avoidable mistake on this drug
- Hair shedding a few months in, which usually tracks the speed of weight loss rather than the drug itself
- Gallstones, more likely when weight comes off fast
- Low blood sugar if you also take insulin or a sulfonylurea
Reasons to call someone
- Severe stomach pain that goes through to your back and does not ease, which is how pancreatitis presents
- Vomiting so persistent you cannot keep fluids down
Dose matters. Each step up tends to bring a rough few days, then it settles. Going up slower is the single most effective thing you can do about it.
Source: SURMOUNT and SURPASS trial programmes, plus widespread prescribing experience. This is a summary of published findings, not a complete safety profile and not medical advice. Tirzepatide should only be considered with a qualified clinician who knows your history.
Your Genetics & Tirzepatide
The genes involved in how Tirzepatide works
Tirzepatide works through the receptors these genes build, and the genes vary from person to person. Researchers have linked some of that variation to differences in how people respond. A DNA report tells you which versions you carry.
GIPR · ••
The Glu354Gln (E354Q) variant alters GIP receptor expression and signaling stability. Because tirzepatide's added potency over GLP-1-only agents comes from the GIP arm, GIPR genotype is uniquely relevant here (and not for semaglutide). Carriers have shown differential GIP-mediated metabolic and BMI responses in population studies — a marker that can favor tirzepatide over a GLP-1-only agonist.
GLP1R · ••
The Ala316Thr variant affects GLP-1 receptor signaling efficiency and has been associated with differential weight-loss response. Tirzepatide still depends on the GLP-1 arm, so this variant modulates part of its effect alongside GIPR.
TCF7L2 · ••
The strongest common type 2 diabetes risk variant. T-allele carriers have impaired beta-cell insulin secretion; tirzepatide's dual incretin insulin-secretory drive may partially compensate, but glycemic response magnitude varies by genotype.
Beta-arrestin 1 mediates incretin receptor internalization after activation. Variants influencing ARRB1 expression affect how quickly receptors are recycled, potentially shaping sustained response over months of treatment.
The dots after each gene are where your own result goes. Your report fills them in with the two letters you carry at that position.
Which variants do you carry?
Upload your DNA data, or get tested through our partner, to find out.
Commonly combined with
What Tirzepatide is most often paired with, and why:

BPC-157
GI Protection StackModerate EvidenceBody Protection Compound 157
BPC-157 is the peptide people reach for when something will not heal. Tendons, ligaments, a gut that has been irritated by painkillers, an injury that has stalled. It is a short chain of amino acids copied from part of a protein your stomach already makes, and the animal research on it is unusually consistent for this category: across a lot of separate rat studies, injured tissue healed faster than it did without it. The gap is that this has largely not been repeated in people, and it is not an approved medicine, so nobody is checking what is in the vial you buy.
3
Gene variants
19+
Studies

AOD-9604
Body Composition StackEmerging EvidenceAdvanced Obesity Drug 9604 (hGH Fragment 177-191)
AOD-9604 is a fragment cut out of growth hormone, specifically the piece thought to handle fat burning, with the rest of the molecule left behind. The idea was elegant: get the fat-loss effect without the blood-sugar and growth effects of the whole hormone. It is also one of the very few peptides in this space that was put through a proper randomised human trial, which is the part vendors do not mention, because it did not beat the placebo. Development stopped there.
4
Gene variants
15+
Studies

Tesamorelin
Visceral Fat StackStrong EvidenceTesamorelin (GHRH Analog)
A stabilized growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (GHRH) analog and the only GH-axis peptide with an FDA approval (Egrifta, for visceral fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy). It stimulates your own pulsatile GH release, which drives IGF-1 and preferential breakdown of visceral (deep belly) fat — backed by real randomized trial data on VAT reduction. Off-label use for visceral fat is common. WADA-banned in sport.
3
Gene variants
40+
Studies
Sourcing & access
Where to buy Tirzepatide
Tirzepatide is available through licensed telehealth and retail providers. We rank them by price, reviews and a credibility score — so you can find the cheapest source that's actually legitimate.
- Buy only from licensed providers that publish recent third-party purity tests (COAs).
- Compare the total cost — consultation, the compound, and shipping — not just the sticker price.
- Confirm the provider ships to your country and requires a genuine medical intake.
Before you buy: see whether your DNA actually responds to Tirzepatide, and at what dose. Analyze my DNA — $99 →
Educational information only, not medical advice. Some outbound links are affiliate links (disclosed, at no extra cost to you). Most peptides are not FDA-approved — consult a qualified professional and check your local laws before purchasing.
Worth knowing before you consider Tirzepatide
Interactions and situations where there is a specific reason to be careful. Where the honest answer is that nobody has studied something, it says so and says what that leaves open.
- Nausea and other gut effects are the usual reason people stop
- Across the trials the most common problems were gastrointestinal: nausea, diarrhoea, constipation and vomiting. Most were mild to moderate and clustered in the first weeks while the dose was being stepped up, which is exactly why the dose is escalated slowly rather than started high.
- Compounded versions are not the trialled drug
- Every result on this page comes from the manufacturer's product. Compounded tirzepatide sold through telehealth is a different preparation that has not been through those trials, and the FDA has warned about dosing errors when people measure it themselves.
- Weight comes back when you stop
- In the trial that withdrew treatment, weight was regained. That is a finding about the drug rather than about willpower: it is being studied as a long-term treatment, and stopping returns the appetite signalling to where it started.
The evidence behind Tirzepatide
This is the strongest evidence base of any compound on this site, and it is worth saying plainly because so little else here comes close. Tirzepatide has been through multiple Phase 3 trials in thousands of people, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA and the Lancet, and it is an approved medicine rather than a research chemical. Where we flag animal-only data elsewhere, here the question is which human trial applies to you.
The literature, counted
Counted in PubMed on 3 August 2026 for tirzepatide. Every figure links to the search that produced it, so you can re-run it. “Tagged human” is not the same as a human trial: that tag also covers work on human cells and reviews discussing people, which is why the trial count is given separately.
Studied in people
3 of 8The only kind that directly answers whether it works in humans.New England Journal of Medicine · 2022
HumanTirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity
Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al.
The trial the weight-loss claims rest on, known as SURMOUNT-1. At the 15 mg dose the average loss was about 21% of body weight against 3.1% on placebo. Put another way, 57% of people on 15 mg lost at least a fifth of their body weight, compared with 3% on placebo.
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity — source for Tirzepatide (opens in a new tab)Phase 3 · n=2,539 · 72 weeks
Read the paperNew England Journal of Medicine · 2025
HumanTirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity
Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW, et al.
The only head-to-head against semaglutide, and the reason the comparison is not just marketing. Tirzepatide produced roughly 20% weight loss against 13.7% for semaglutide, and 18.4 cm off the waist against 13.0 cm.
Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity — source for Tirzepatide (opens in a new tab)Phase 3b · 72 weeks
Read the paperNew England Journal of Medicine · 2025
HumanTirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention
Jastreboff AM, le Roux CW, Stefanski A, et al.
Followed SURMOUNT-1 participants for three years. Among those with obesity and prediabetes, 1.3% on tirzepatide went on to develop type 2 diabetes compared with 13.3% on placebo. That is the strongest argument that this is treating something rather than only changing a number on a scale.
Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention — source for Tirzepatide (opens in a new tab)Phase 3 · n=2,539 · 3 years
Read the paper
Every source behind this page85 more
- Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and ObesityMalhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2024 · Phase 3Human
- Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trialRosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al. · Lancet · 2021 · Phase 3Human
- Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical TrialAronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. · JAMA · 2024 · Phase 3Human
- Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trialGarvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. · Lancet · 2023 · Phase 3Human
- Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trialWadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, et al. · Nature Medicine · 2023 · Phase 3Human
Everything we cite for Tirzepatide, including animal work and early research. Each link goes to the source itself, so you can judge it rather than take our word for it.
Last updated · literature counts verified against PubMed on
Frequently Asked Questions
Is tirzepatide better than semaglutide?
In the head-to-head SURMOUNT-5 trial, tirzepatide produced greater weight loss than semaglutide. The likely reason is the added GIP receptor agonism on top of GLP-1. However, individual response varies — GIPR and GLP1R receptor genetics influence where you fall, which is exactly what a DNA report helps predict before you choose between them.
What genetics specifically favor tirzepatide?
Tirzepatide's edge over GLP-1-only drugs comes from the GIP arm, so GIPR variants (e.g. rs1800437) are uniquely informative here — they don't matter for semaglutide. GLP1R (rs6923761) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146) influence the shared GLP-1 and glycemic components.
Does tirzepatide interact with CYP enzyme genetics?
No. Like semaglutide, tirzepatide is a peptide cleared by general proteolysis, not cytochrome P450 metabolism. CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and other pharmacogenomic CYP variants do not affect its levels or dosing — response is governed by receptor and pathway genetics instead.
Learn more about Tirzepatide
15 guides mention Tirzepatide→genetics
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AOD-9604 + Semaglutide Fat Loss Stack: Two Pathways, One Protocol, and Your Genetics
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Your next move
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How does Tirzepatide relate to your genes?
Your report scores Tirzepatide against your receptor, pharmacogene and pathway variants and shows the genetic markers relevant to it, with commonly cited dosing information to review with a clinician.
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