Every peptide we analyze.
One reference.

Tirzepatide (GIP/GLP-1 Dual Receptor Agonist)

A weekly injection for weight loss and type 2 diabetes, sold as Zepbound and Mounjaro. It copies two of the gut hormones that tell your brain you have eaten enough, where most drugs in this class copy one. When the two were compared directly in SURMOUNT-5, tirzepatide produced about 20% loss of body weight against 13.7% for semaglutide over 72 weeks.

Semaglutide (GLP-1 Receptor Agonist)

A weekly injection sold as Ozempic for diabetes and Wegovy for weight loss. It is a rebuilt copy of a hormone your gut releases after eating, the one that tells your brain you are full, engineered to last a week instead of minutes. Its SELECT trial also showed fewer heart attacks and strokes in people with heart disease and obesity, which became an approved use for Wegovy.

Body Protection Compound 157

BPC-157 comes up whenever people talk about injuries that will not heal: tendons, ligaments, a gut irritated by painkillers. It is a short chain of amino acids copied from part of a protein the stomach already makes, and the preclinical research on it is unusually consistent for this category: across many separate preclinical studies, injured tissue healed faster than it did without it. The gap is that this has largely not been repeated in people, and it is not an approved medicine, so no regulator checks the quality of what is sold under its name.

Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Copper Complex

A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide, studied mainly for wound healing and skin. It carries copper into tissue, where copper is the cofactor the enzyme that cross-links collagen cannot work without. Most of the evidence is topical or preclinical; the widely quoted gene-expression claims rest on far less than they appear to.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

A molecule every cell spends constantly to turn food into energy, and that your DNA repair enzymes spend too. Levels fall with age, which is the reason it is marketed. The catch is delivery: NAD+ itself does not cross into cells easily, so almost every trial tested smaller oral building blocks (NMN and NR) rather than the drips clinics offer.

Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29)

A short copy of the message your brain sends telling the pituitary to release growth hormone. Because it works one step upstream, your body's own brake still applies and it can still say no, which is the safety argument for the whole class. It was an approved medicine, withdrawn for commercial reasons rather than safety, which is why it is still legal to compound when most peptides are not.

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)

A hormone the body already makes, working in the gut, lungs and nerves, where it widens blood vessels and damps inflammation. As a hospital drug it is called aviptadil and has been through randomised trials for severe lung failure. The nasal spray marketed for mould illness is the same molecule used a completely different way, with no controlled trial behind it.

CJC-1295 (Modified GRF 1-29)

A copy of the brain signal that tells the pituitary to release growth hormone, rewritten so the enzyme that normally destroys it in minutes cannot. The name covers two compounds that behave very differently: with DAC it keeps growth hormone up for days, without DAC it produces a short pulse. The human trial used the version with DAC.

Ipamorelin Acetate

Presses the same switch the stomach uses to say it is empty, the one that also triggers a growth hormone release, but largely without the hunger. What set it apart in early pharmacology work is what it did not do: older peptides in its family also pushed up cortisol and prolactin, and this one mostly stopped at growth hormone. It is not an approved medicine.

Retatrutide

Retatrutide is a weekly injection being tested for weight loss. Most drugs in this family copy one or two of your gut hormones to blunt appetite. Retatrutide copies three, and the third one also nudges up the energy you burn while resting, so weight comes off through burning a little more as well as eating a little less. In its main trial people lost an average of 24.2% of their body weight in 48 weeks, and the weight was still dropping when the trial ended. It is still being tested and is not approved anywhere.

Insulin-like Growth Factor-1

The main mediator of growth hormone's effects. Most of what growth hormone does to muscle, tissue and growth is carried out by IGF-1, produced mainly in the liver. Most IGF-1 circulates bound to carrier proteins. As mecasermin (Increlex) it is an approved prescription drug for children with severe primary IGF-1 deficiency.

Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c

A peptide written not in the cell's main genome but in the tiny separate one mitochondria carry, a leftover from when they were free-living bacteria. In preclinical work it behaves like an exercise signal, switching on the same fuel-burning pathway a hard workout does. Levels fall with age, which is why it turns up in longevity conversations, and essentially all of the outcome data are preclinical.

PT-141 (Bremelanotide)

An injection approved as Vyleesi for acquired, generalised hypoactive sexual desire disorder (low sexual desire) in premenopausal women. Viagra and its relatives work on blood flow; this acts on the part of the brain that sets drives like hunger and arousal, which is why it was studied for a condition where blood flow was never the problem.

TB-500

TB-500 is a short seven-amino-acid fragment copied from the middle of a much larger protein your body makes called thymosin beta-4. That protein is 43 amino acids long and helps cells travel to the site of an injury; TB-500 is the small piece of it thought to do that job. The human trials used the full protein, not the fragment, and the name TB-500 is applied to both, which makes much of what is written about it ambiguous.

Cagrilintide (Long-acting Amylin Analog)

A long-acting copy of amylin, a fullness hormone your pancreas releases alongside insulin that works through a completely different route from the GLP-1 drugs. It is mostly discussed as half of CagriSema, where it is paired with semaglutide so that two separate fullness signals are pushed at once.

KPV (Lys-Pro-Val)

A three-amino-acid fragment snipped off the end of a hormone your body already makes. Almost every page describes it as switching on a melanocortin receptor; the research fairly clearly says it does not. What it appears to do instead is more interesting, and it is why nearly all the data are about the gut rather than skin. No human study of KPV has been published.

Advanced Obesity Drug 9604 (hGH Fragment 177-191)

AOD-9604 is a fragment cut out of growth hormone, specifically the piece thought to handle fat burning, with the rest of the molecule left behind. The idea was elegant: get the fat-loss effect without the blood-sugar and growth effects of the whole hormone. It is also one of the few peptides in this space that was put through randomised human trials, and in the obesity trials it did not beat placebo. Development for weight loss stopped there.

Selank (Tuftsin Analog with Pro-Gly-Pro)

A Russian-developed anxiety peptide built from a fragment of a natural immune molecule, with a short tail added so it survives longer than a few minutes. It is one of very few compounds here with human trials, including a head-to-head against a benzodiazepine, though nearly all of that work was done in Russia and published in Russian.

SS-31 (Elamipretide / Bendavia / MTP-131)

A peptide that goes to one specific place: the inner membrane of the mitochondria, where it binds a fat called cardiolipin. It is the rare compound here that is a genuine pharmaceutical, tested in real trials, and its honest record includes a large trial that failed. Also known as elamipretide.

Long R3 Insulin-like Growth Factor-1

A modified version of IGF-1, the growth factor that does most of the actual tissue-building work after growth hormone gives the order. The modification stops it being caught by the proteins that normally hold IGF-1 in check, so far more of it stays active for far longer. That is the selling point and the safety problem in the same sentence.

Cerebrolysin (Neuropeptide Preparation)

A mixture of small neuropeptides and amino acids extracted from brain tissue, intended to mimic the body's own neurotrophic factors. It has more human trial data than the other compounds in the cognitive category, but for specific uses: stroke recovery and dementia, not general cognitive enhancement. It is licensed in parts of Europe and Asia and in Russia; it is not FDA-approved.

Dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide)

An angiotensin-IV-derived compound designed to promote synapse formation through the HGF/c-Met system. The marketing claims are dramatic, but the potency numbers come from laboratory and preclinical models: dihexa has no human clinical data. It is experimental and not approved.

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)

A nine-amino-acid neuropeptide first isolated in preclinical work for an apparent effect on delta-wave (deep) sleep. Small human studies from the 1980s gave mixed results, and it has not been tested with modern sleep measurement. Its mechanism is still unresolved, and it is not an approved medicine.

Glucagon-Like Peptide-2

GLP-2 is the signal the gut uses to repair and rebuild its lining, released every time you eat. The drug version, teduglutide (Gattex, Revestive), is one of the few compounds in this library that is an approved medicine. It is approved for short bowel syndrome in people who depend on intravenous feeding, where trials showed it reduced the amount of that feeding needed. It is not a supplement for a bloated stomach.

Oxytocin (The Bonding Hormone)

The body's bonding and trust hormone. As an injection it is FDA-approved (Pitocin) to start or strengthen labour contractions. As a nasal spray it has been studied for social cognition, anxiety and intimacy, with mixed results, and that use is not approved. In the brain it acts on social-threat and bonding circuits.

Semax (ACTH 4-10 Analog with Pro-Gly-Pro)

A synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide derived from ACTH (4-10), with a Pro-Gly-Pro extension for stability. Developed in Russia and approved there, mainly in stroke care. In laboratory and preclinical work it raises BDNF and acts on the melanocortin system. It is not approved in the US or the EU, and most of its clinical literature is Russian.

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Thymalfasin)

A 28-amino-acid peptide naturally produced by the thymus gland. As thymalfasin (Zadaxin) it is licensed in over 30 countries, mainly for chronic hepatitis B, and it has been studied as an immune adjuvant. It is not approved in the US. In laboratory work it promotes T-cell maturation and dendritic cell function.

Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly)

A synthetic four-amino-acid peptide based on the pineal gland extract epithalamin, developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson. In laboratory work it activated telomerase, the enzyme that maintains telomere length. Most of its research comes from one Russian group and has not been replicated independently. It is not an approved medicine.

Gonadorelin (GnRH)

A synthetic form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH. It acts one step below kisspeptin. In pulses it switches the reproductive hormone cascade on, which is the basis of its use in fertility medicine; given continuously, it switches the same system off.

Survodutide (GLP-1 / Glucagon Dual Agonist)

Most weight-loss drugs work on one thing: they make you less hungry. Survodutide does that, and then does something else as well. Alongside the appetite signal it borrows a hormone called glucagon, which tells the body to burn through its own fuel and acts directly on the liver. That second half is why it is being studied for fatty liver as well as weight. In its phase 2 trial people were down around 19% after 46 weeks. It is still in testing and not approved anywhere.

Bimagrumab (Anti-ActRII Monoclonal Antibody)

Most weight drugs reduce appetite. Bimagrumab does something different: it blocks a signal that stops muscle growing past a point. In a phase 2 trial, participants lost about a fifth of their body fat while gaining lean mass, the opposite of what usually happens with weight loss. It is an antibody given by intravenous infusion in trials, and it is not approved.

CagriSema (Cagrilintide + Semaglutide)

CagriSema treats appetite as more than one signal. Semaglutide, the molecule behind Ozempic and Wegovy, works on one hunger pathway. Cagrilintide copies amylin, a different hormone the pancreas releases alongside insulin that signals the meal is over. The combination is given as one weekly injection. In the REDEFINE 1 phase 3 trial it produced roughly 20% body-weight loss, more than semaglutide alone, though short of the 25% Novo Nordisk had aimed for. It is under regulatory review and not approved.

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2

A second-generation six-amino-acid ghrelin-receptor agonist. In pharmacology studies it produced a larger growth hormone release than GHRP-6 with less appetite stimulation, and still raised prolactin and cortisol somewhat. Under the name pralmorelin it is approved in Japan as a diagnostic test of pituitary function; it is not approved in the US.

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6

A first-generation six-amino-acid ghrelin-receptor agonist that releases growth hormone and sharply raises appetite. It behaves much like ghrelin itself, and in pharmacology studies it raised cortisol and prolactin as well as growth hormone. It is not an approved medicine.

Kisspeptin-10 (Metastin fragment)

A signalling peptide at the top of the reproductive hormone axis. Kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamus to release GnRH, which in turn drives LH and FSH and then testosterone or oestrogen. It is a research tool in fertility and sexual-behaviour studies, and it is not an approved medicine.

LL-37 (Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide)

The body's own broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide: the active fragment of human cathelicidin (the CAMP gene), part of innate immune defence against bacteria, viruses and biofilms. The body makes it in a vitamin-D-dependent way, through the vitamin D receptor. Injected LL-37 is experimental, with thin human safety data, and it is not an approved medicine.

ARA-290 (Cibinetide)

An 11-amino-acid peptide derived from erythropoietin (EPO) that activates the innate repair receptor, the tissue-protective arm of EPO signalling, without raising red blood cell count. It has been studied mainly in small-fibre neuropathy, in phase 2 trials, and it is not an approved medicine.

Follistatin-344 (FST-344)

A naturally occurring protein that binds and neutralises myostatin and activin, the body's built-in limiters on muscle growth. Interest in it comes from preclinical and gene-therapy research on muscle; no human trial has tested injected follistatin, and it is not an approved medicine.

Tesamorelin (GHRH Analog)

A stabilised copy of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), FDA-approved as Egrifta to reduce excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. It prompts the pituitary's own growth hormone release, which raises IGF-1, and in its randomised trials it reduced visceral (deep belly) fat in that population. Other uses are off-label. It is prohibited in sport.

Adipotide (FTPP / Prohibitin-TP01)

An experimental peptide that takes a different approach to fat loss: instead of suppressing appetite, it targets the blood vessels that feed white fat tissue, triggering their die-off so fat cells lose their supply. Results in preclinical studies were striking, and so was kidney toxicity, which is why it never advanced in humans beyond a small phase 1.

Melanotan II (MT-II)

A synthetic analogue of alpha-MSH that activates melanocortin receptors: MC1R, which drives skin pigmentation, and MC4R, which is involved in sexual arousal and appetite. It is not approved anywhere, and regulators have warned about unlicensed products. Nausea and darkening of existing moles are commonly reported.

Humanin (Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide)

A small peptide encoded inside mitochondrial DNA, one of the first mitochondrial-derived peptides found. In laboratory and preclinical work it acts as a cell-protective and metabolic signal, and higher circulating levels have been associated with longevity in human observational studies. It has never been tested in a human trial.

PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor

A PEGylated form of mechano growth factor, a splice variant of IGF-1 (IGF-1Ec) that muscle produces in response to overload and damage. In laboratory and preclinical work MGF activates muscle stem cells to start repair. PEGylation extends its very short half-life. No human trial of PEG-MGF exists, and it is not an approved medicine.

MariTide (Maridebart Cafraglutide)

MariTide is Amgen's attempt at a monthly rather than weekly weight-loss injection. To manage that, it is not really a peptide at all but an antibody with two small peptides attached, which is a much bigger, slower molecule that your body takes weeks to clear. In its Phase 2 trial people lost around 20% of their body weight on twelve injections a year. It is still in testing.

ACE-031 (Ramatercept)

A soluble decoy version of the activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB). It circulates and binds myostatin and related growth-limiting signals before they can reach muscle. It reached human trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and was discontinued over bleeding and blood-vessel side effects. It is not an approved medicine.

Hexarelin (Examorelin)

A six-amino-acid growth hormone secretagogue from the GHRP family. In human pharmacology studies it produced a large acute growth hormone release, and the response faded with repeated use. It also binds the CD36 receptor in heart tissue, where preclinical work describes protective effects independent of growth hormone. It is not an approved medicine.